Technology
Are Fuel Cells More Expensive Than Batteries?
Are Fuel Cells More Expensive Than Batteries?
Fuel cells and batteries are two distinct technologies with their own advantages and disadvantages. Understanding the differences and costs associated with each can help in making informed decisions regarding energy storage and generation systems.
Technical Differences Between Fuel Cells and Batteries
Fuel cells and batteries serve different purposes and operate on fundamentally different principles. A fuel cell generates electrical energy through a chemical reaction, typically involving hydrogen and oxygen, while a battery stores electrical energy and releases it upon demand.
Cost Analysis and Evolution
While batteries have advanced significantly in terms of cost efficiency and safety, fuel cell technology is still in a developmental phase. The cost of fuel cells can be considered high due to the complexity involved in manufacturing these systems. Current estimates suggest that fuel cells can cost around $100 per kilowatt (kW). In the case of the Toyota Mirai, a fuel cell car, a 128 kW fuel cell system would come to approximately $12,800.
Batteries, on the other hand, have evolved to become more cost-effective. For instance, using the latest lithium-ion battery technology, a 62 kWh battery pack for a car like the Chevy Bolt would cost roughly $8,500. When compared to the Toyota Mirai, the Chevy Bolt is generally cheaper by about $32,500, indicating that batteries are more readily accessible and cost-effective for consumer applications.
Power Output and Storage Capacity
When comparing the peak power output of fuel cells and batteries, it becomes evident that fuel cells excel in continuous power generation, whereas batteries are better suited for storing energy over longer periods.
For cars, the primary concern is not just peak power output but also storage capacity. Hydrogen fuel cells, which provide continuous power, require expensive battery storage to retain energy generated during peak times. In contrast, batteries offer straightforward and economical storage options for electric vehicles.
Cost of Fuel Cells vs. Batteries
Using the Toyota Mirai again as an example, it includes not only the fuel cell system but also a high-pressure hydrogen storage tank and a small 1.2 kWh battery. The Mirai's hydrogen tank can hold 5.6 kg of hydrogen, with current hydrogen costs around $13 per kg. This results in a cost of approximately $72 to travel 402 miles, or about $0.18 per mile, which is significantly more than the Chevrolet Bolt. The Bolt, relying solely on batteries, would cost only $12.40 to recharge for a 240-mile range, equating to about $0.05 per mile.
Backup Power Considerations
While fuel cells can provide reliable and continuous power, their use as backup power systems is currently more expensive than battery storage. This is largely due to the high cost of hydrogen and the infrastructure required for its production and transportation.
Conclusion
The choice between fuel cells and batteries depends on specific requirements, primarily the application and intended usage. For electric vehicles, current estimates suggest that batteries are more cost-effective, while for industrial and backup power applications, fuel cells may be more appropriate and efficient. As technology continues to evolve, both fuel cells and batteries will likely see further advancements, making them more competitive and accessible in the near future.