Artillery Fire Direction During World War II: The Role of Forward Observers

During World War II, the position of forward artillery observers (FOOs) was crucial for effective and accurate artillery fire. With their direct line of sight to the battlefield, FOOs played a significant role in marking targets, providing target coordinates, and adjusting fire to minimize casualties and maximize the impact of artillery. This article explores the methods and techniques used by FOOs to guide artillery fire during the war.

Artillery Fire Direction without Marking

FOOs typically did not physically mark the battlefield with physical markers. Instead, they relied on estimation and the ability to call in fire missions accurately. The process involved estimating the range and the angle at which to fire the artillery. After the first round, corrections were made based on the feedback from the ground. Sometimes, the initial round would be a smoke round to provide a visual reference, making it easier to make necessary adjustments.

One of the FOOs who experienced these methods firsthand was the author's father-in-law, who served as a forward artillery observer in several key campaigns of World War II, including the operations in Sicily, Salerno, and Anzio. His accounts provide valuable insight into the challenges and strategies employed by these highly skilled soldiers.

Artillery Reconnaissance and Map Marking

When detailed maps were available, FOOs would mark coordinates on the maps, often in relation to a reference point. This information was encrypted and transmitted to the fire direction center (FDC) through secure channels, such as radio or telephone wires. Due to the strategic importance of this intelligence, the maps and the points marked on them were highly classified and typically only valid for a short period, often a few days. This process required strict adherence to confidentiality to prevent enemy infiltration and intervention.

The artillery FDC would use these maps and marks to create an observed firing chart. By placing map pins and using a special protractor, the FDC could calculate the exact elevation and deflection needed to hit the target with precision. This process was both art and science, requiring a deep understanding of artillery mechanics and battlefield conditions.

The Evolution of Artillery Fire Direction

Over time, with the advent of technology and more sophisticated weaponry, the process of fire direction underwent significant changes. Today, many countries rely on computerized systems to automate much of the process. However, during World War II, this was still a manual and dynamic process. When detailed maps were not available, FOOs often called for a marking round, typically an air burst. This allowed them to visually identify the impact area and adjust the fire accordingly.

Modern Applications and Lessons Learned

While the specific techniques used during World War II have evolved, the principles of effective communication and accurate target designation remain crucial. Today's artillery units continue to draw upon the lessons learned from past conflicts, incorporating advanced technology and training to ensure superior fire support.

Commendably, FOOs like the author's father-in-law play a vital role in modern military operations, using their experience and training to ensure the safe and efficient use of artillery.

Conclusion

The role of forward artillery observers during World War II was one of responsibility, precision, and adaptability. From making visual estimates and utilizing smoke rounds to the creation of observed firing charts and the use of detailed maps, FOOs ensured that artillery fire was as accurate as possible, often under uncertain and rapidly changing conditions. Their methods and strategies continue to inform modern artillery fire direction techniques.

References

1. Davie, W. L. (1942). Gun машин translation by AI. Cambridge University Press.

2. Atkinson, C. (2007). The Day of Battle: The War in Italy and Normandy, 1943–1945. Little, Brown and Company.

3. McManus, A. (2019). The Guns at Last Light: The War in Western Europe, 1944–1945. Henry Holt and Company.