Autopilot Use During Takeoff and Landing: Insights and Regulations

The autopilot plays a critical role in modern aviation, particularly in complex operations such as takeoff and landing. While it is not commonly used during takeoff, in certain landing scenarios, the autopilot is mandatory. This article explores the regulations, the role of the autopilot in different phases of flight, and the safety measures involved.

Autopilot in Takeoff

When it comes to takeoff, the autopilot is primarily not utilized. Most transport category aircraft and other modern airplanes are equipped with flight management systems (FMS) and autopilot systems, but these systems are engaged only after achieving a safe altitude. Typically, the autopilot is engaged at or above 1000 feet, allowing the pilots to focus on the critical phases of takeoff and initial climb.

Autopilot in Landing and Autoland Capabilities

For landing, however, the situation is different. Autopilots can be extremely useful, especially in low-visibility conditions, such as Category IIIa landings, where forward visibility is virtually zero. In these cases, the use of the autopilot is mandatory.

Category IIIa Landings

Category IIIa approaches and autoland operations require a highly detailed approach briefing, verbal “call outs” by the PNF (Pilot Not Flying) at specific altitudes, and continuous monitoring of the autopilot and navigation status lights. These procedures are extensively practiced during simulator training and become second nature to pilots. The use of an autopilot in such conditions ensures that the aircraft can be safely landed, even when visibility is nearly zero.

Instrument Approaches and Landing

Many commercial aircraft are equipped with radar altimeters and other avionics necessary to fly Category III approaches, where the aircraft can land itself under the supervision of the flight crew. In the United States, the minimum decision altitude for landing under instrument conditions can be as low as 50 feet. If the runway environment is not in sight, the pilot must go around. In the European Union, aircraft are allowed to complete the landing in similar conditions, with highly visible runway and runway environment lighting facilitating safe landings.

Weather Conditions and Wind Gusts

The weather conditions accompanying low ceilings and foggy conditions are usually gentle and can be easily managed by an autopilot. However, strong gusty winds can render autopilot use challenging, and pilots may need to handfly the approach and landing. A 1966 airplane I operated had an autopilot that could fly an approach better than the pilot, but it was not capable of flare, landing, or controlling the aircraft on rollout. Modern glass cockpits and autopilots have significantly improved the safety and efficiency of landing operations, allowing for extremely low visibility landings.

Regulations and Best Practices

While autopilots are used extensively in landing, they are prohibited during takeoff below a certain safe altitude, usually 1000 feet, as determined by the manufacturer and company op spec. The primary concern is the risk of mode control panel errors, which could be catastrophic if discovered too close to the ground. However, if the aircraft allows the autopilot to engage below this altitude, it is feasible but highly discouraged due to safety concerns.

Most modern aircraft flying under FAA Part 121/135 operations have an autoland capability that can be used anytime the field, aircraft, and crew are qualified to do so. Many operators have specific weather limitations for autoland use, and some follow standard operating procedures (SOPs) to use the autopilot even when not required, enhancing safety and proficiency.

In conclusion, the autopilot is a vital tool in modern aviation, especially for challenging landing conditions. While its use during takeoff is restricted to ensure safety, in certain landing scenarios, its mandatory use enhances safety and efficiency. Pilots should be well-trained in the use of these systems and adhere to regulations and best practices to ensure safe and proficient operations.