Comparing Secularism in Syria and Turkey: Insights and Analysis

Secularism is a significant aspect of societal development and governance, leading to considerable differences among countries. When comparing Syria and Turkey, these differences become even more pronounced due to their cultural, historical, and political backgrounds. This article examines these differences and the underlying reasons.

Secular Laws and Practices in Turkey

Turkey stands out as a model of secularism in the Muslim world, a position that has been solidified through the visionary policies of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Since the late 1920s, Atatürk implemented a series of reforms aimed at secularizing the state and society. The La?cité (secularism) enshrined in the Turkish constitution ensures that religion and state are separated. This includes freedom of individual belief and expression, with laws protecting religious minorities and ensuring that citizens can wear and express themselves freely.

Secularism in Syria versus Conservatism

In contrast, Syria has never had the same comprehensive secularization policies as Turkey. The Syrian state, under the supervision of the Ba'ath Party and later the Al-Assad regime, has a mixed stance on secularism and Islam. The ruling Ba'ath Party is officially secular, as are the Second Socialist Union National Party (SSNP), though these parties are the only two allowed to exist. However, the overall societal influence of religion in Syria remains substantial.

Types of Secular Enclaves in Syria

There are certain regions in Syria where secularism is more prominent. Places like Latakia, Tartous, Qamishli, and Hasakeh have a more secular leaning. For instance, in Latakia, there's a greater acceptance of non-religious individuals compared to rural areas. Similarly, Tartous and Hasakeh have a more diverse social landscape, but these enclaves do not represent the broader national picture.

Constraints on Secularism in Syria

The Syrian government's reluctance to embrace broad secular reforms is rooted in several factors. Firstly, the ruling party's vested interests in maintaining a conservative population. A pro-secular stance could potentially open the door to political alternatives, which the government cannot afford. Secondly, corruption and inefficiency within governmental institutions make it difficult to implement large-scale secular reforms. Lastly, the government often exploits religious sentiments to maintain social and political stability.

Education Systems and Their Impact on Secularism

The education systems in both countries illustrate the stark contrast in secularism. In Turkey, religion classes are not part of the curriculum, allowing for a more secular educational environment. Conversely, in Syria, religion is a fundamental part of the educational system, leading to a perpetuation of religious values from a young age. This underscores the importance of education in shaping societal norms and values.

AkP and Religious Tolerance in Turkey

Despite the presence of the Justice and Development Party (AKP), a religious political party in charge of the government, Turkey remains a religiously tolerant nation. The AKP has maintained a balance between religious freedoms and political stability. While they promote Islamic values, they also allow citizens to practice other faiths. This coexistence of religiosity and secularity is a unique feature of the Turkish state and society.

Conclusion

In conclusion, while both Syria and Turkey have unique approaches to secularism, Turkey is significantly more secularized. The policies of Atatürk have had a profound impact, ensuring freedom of belief and expression. In contrast, Syria's mixed approach and governmental priorities have led to a society where religious influences are more prominent. Understanding these differences is crucial for exploring the regional dynamics and potential for secular reforms in the future.