Current Limitations in Superconductors and the Possibility of Infinite Current

The movement of electrons is what constitutes electricity, whether it is direct or alternating current. In a superconductor, the flow of electrons is theoretically continuous and highly conductive, resulting in virtually no resistance. However, underlying factors can limit the current in a superconductor, preventing the occurrence of an infinite current flow. This article will delve into the constraints and limitations of current in superconductors and explore the possibility of achieving infinite current.

Electron Movement and Conductivity

Electrons move in chains of molecules to generate electrical flow, either in a direct current (DC) version or an alternating current (AC) version. DC current involves electrons moving through a complete circuit, while AC current involves stepping forward and backward in a series of one-step pulses. Although superconductors offer a highly conductive environment, several factors can limit the current.

Collisions and Electromagnetic Forces

In a superconductor, electrons are influenced by other outer electrons, leading to collisions and electromagnetic forces known as electrostatic repulsion. This repulsion can push back on electrons moving in a superconductor, particularly in a straight line. A good example is a high electrical conductivity configuration like Column-11 Copper, which allows for the easy flow of three electrons in and out. However, such perfect flow is only possible if the angle of approach is nearly perpendicular. If the angle is more acute, such as 45 degrees, the electrons may collide with the rest of the structure.

Implications of Low Conductivity

Not all superconductors maintain high electrical conductivity. Structures with lower conductivity, like the 26-Fe Iron Column-8, face significant challenges. Electrons in these materials are prone to running into other electrons regardless of the direction they are moving. This collision can impede the passage of current, meaning that under certain conditions, a superconductor can revert to normal conduction.

Theoretical Limits on Current

The availability of stationary charge carriers that transport a supercurrent through consecutive tunneling without gaining permanent kinetic energy sets an upper limit on the current. If too many charge carriers are injected, the superconductor cannot handle the increased load, leading to a transition to normal conduction. This limit is a fundamental aspect of superconductivity, distinct from the common belief that the BCS model (Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer) perfectly explains superconductivity. For a more detailed understanding of these concepts, the book The Physics Delusion, available on Amazon, provides further information.

Magnetic Fields and Superconductivity

Currents create electromagnetic fields, and superconductors can only handle a limited magnetic field. Exceeding this limit disrupts the superconducting state, converting the material back to a normal conductor. The interplay between current and magnetic fields is a critical consideration in the practical applications of superconductors.

In conclusion, while superconductors offer a path to nearly zero resistance and efficient current flow, they are not capable of supporting an infinite current due to limitations imposed by electrostatic repulsion, conductivity, and magnetic field constraints. Understanding these limitations is crucial for the effective design and application of superconductive technologies.