Did Pre-Colonial Igorots Have Stone Architecture?

The pre-colonial Igorots of the Philippines showcased a unique architectural style, particularly in regions such as Luzon, where they constructed impressive fortifications and rice terraces. This article delves into the stone architecture of the Igorots, exploring the presence of ancient structures like Idjangs and Batanes Castle.

Stone Fortifications and Rice Terraces in Luzon

Surprisingly, pre-colonial Igorots did possess stone architecture, most notably in the form of fortifications and rice terraces. These structures served various purposes, including defense and agriculture, and demonstrate the ingenuity of these indigenous communities. For instance, in the mountainous regions of Luzon, the Igorots constructed rice terraces featuring stone walls, which still stand today as testaments to their craftsmanship.

The Unnamed Origin of Idjangs

Idjangs, a type of stone and wooden citadel, were built by the ancient Ivatans from 2200 to 800 BC, making them even older than the famous Cordillera rice terraces or most temples in Southeast Asia. These structures were initially described academically in 1994 by the National Museum, marking an important milestone in the recognition of pre-colonial Filipino architecture.

These fortifications were typically triangular in shape and functioned as fortified living quarters. Visually, they would blend seamlessly with the native vegetation, making them nearly invisible to the naked eye. This camouflage was crucial in protecting their inhabitants from potential threats. Despite their advanced nature, these structures were only recently discovered by Filipino archaeologists, which speaks to the historical ignorance that once surrounded them.

Idjangs in Batanes

In the northernmost region of the Philippines, the province of Batanes, a number of Idjangs have been identified. These ancient fortifications have been mapped and documented, leading to a greater understanding of their significance. Some of the known Idjangs include:

Idaud ji Sungahan in Basco Mananyuy in Mahatao Turun in Ivana Itbud in Uyugan Savidug in Sabtang Sivug Kulumba and Raungan in Itbayat

These Idjangs not only provide insight into the defensive strategies of pre-colonial Igorots but also serve as a link to their rich cultural heritage.

Oldest Jade Manufacturing Sites in Southeast Asia

In addition to their impressive stone architecture, Batanes is also known for being the site of some of the oldest jade manufacturing locations in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. A chemical examination of the jade finds strongly suggests that it was sourced from a specific mining site in Hualien, Taiwan. This discovery highlights the advanced trade networks of the Igorots and their interaction with other regions in the ancient world.

The Batanes Castle - A Unique Stone Structure?

Despite the relative scarcity of stone-based structures, one noteworthy exception is the Batanes Castle, also known as an Idjang. This pre-colonial fortification, like many Idjangs, likely served multiple purposes, including habitation, storage, and defense. While the exact materials used in its construction are uncertain, it is believed to be made primarily of limestone and/or wood, similar to other Idjangs.

Today, the Batanes Castle stands as a testament to the enduring legacy of pre-colonial Igorot architecture. Additionally, the site of four such fortifications in Batanes showcases the widespread significance of these structures to the region.

As we continue to explore and document these fascinating structures, we gain a deeper appreciation for the complex and rich cultural history of the Philippines. The preservation and study of these ancient constructions not only shed light on the architectural prowess of the pre-colonial Igorots but also highlight the broader historical and trade connections between Southeast Asia and other regions of the world.