Explaining the Expansion of the Universe: Beyond Dark Energy and Dark Matter

Understanding the expansion of the universe can be a complex yet fascinating topic. In this article, we will delve into the universe expansion phenomenon and explore an alternative theory that challenges the widely accepted concepts of dark energy and dark matter. We will also discuss the idea of pre-big bang masses and their influence on the expansion of the universe.

What is the Universe?

At its core, the term "universe" can be interpreted in two ways: as the space out there, which is considered infinite and has always existed, and as the things in the space out there, which is what we can observe and know. This observed universe has a distinct edge—known as the observable horizon, beyond which light has not had enough time to reach us since the beginning of time.

The Expansion of the Observable Universe

Despite the infinite space out there being static, our known universe is expanding. The expansion is not driven by the relatively small mass of objects within it but rather by the mass of pre-big bang structures surrounding it. The key point here is that the distant edge of the observable universe is not expanding, but the space between the observable universe and the pre-big bang masses is.

The Big Bang and the Role of Gravity

The Big Bang occurred approximately 13.8 billion years ago, marking the beginning of our present universe. Initially, it was assumed that due to the force of gravity, the universe would eventually collapse back on itself. However, the Hubble Space Telescope detected an unexpected phenomenon: the expansion rate of the universe is accelerating. This led to the concept of dark energy, which is supposed to push the universe apart.

Challenging the Dark Energy Theory

The theory of dark energy raises several questions, primarily because there is no concrete evidence for its existence. Instead, the proposed solution may lie outside our universe. According to this alternative theory, our universe is surrounded by four pre-big bang masses, each of which is surrounded by four additional universes. This forms a diamond-like structure, where the mass of each pre-big bang mass is approximately 99% of the mass of our observable universe.

Explanation of Unexplained Phenomena

Within this framework, several unexplained phenomena can be elucidated:

1. Acceleration of the Universe

The expansion of the universe is accelerating. This mysterious force driving the expansion is often termed dark energy. However, this concept is not supported by experimental evidence. Instead, the expansion is driven by the gravitational force exerted by the pre-big bang masses. The acceleration can be understood as the result of the gravitational interaction between our universe and the surrounding pre-big bang masses.

2. Dark Matter

The influence of the four pre-big bang masses on our universe can be felt as a gravitational force. This explanation addresses the concept of dark matter, which is difficult to study due to its non-interactive nature with electromagnetic radiation. In this theory, the mass influencing our universe is spread out in such a way that its gravitational effects follow an inverse square law, yet the total effect is significant enough to be observed.

3. The Largest Void in the Universe

The four pre-big bang masses create a tetrahedral structure with four vertices, each representing a pre-big bang mass. The galaxies are drawn towards these masses, creating four large voids at the centers of the triangular regions formed by the vertices. This explains the observed largest void—and similar voids—in the universe.

4. Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)

The cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation is often explained as the leftover light from the Big Bang. However, it is actually the result of light being bent due to the massive gravitational forces of the pre-big bang structures, converting into microwave radiation. This is a well-known phenomenon but can be understood within the context of our theory.

5. Early Formation of Galaxies

The rapid formation of galaxies shortly after the Big Bang can be explained through the interaction of galaxies with the pre-big bang masses. As galaxies from other universes fall towards the pre-big bang masses, events resembling Big Bangs are triggered, leading to the rapid formation of new galaxies. This is supported by recent findings from the James Webb Space Telescope.

Conclusion

The universe's expansion, as we currently understand it, is driven by gravitational forces from pre-big bang masses rather than dark energy or dark matter. Further research and observations could help validate this alternative theory and provide deeper insights into the structure and behavior of the universe.

Keywords: universe expansion, pre-big bang masses, infinite space, dark energy, dark matter, cosmic microwave background, galaxies, big bang