Materials Used in Submarine Cables: Beyond Traditional Copper Wires

Submarine cables have played a pivotal role in the global communications network for over a century. Historically, these cables were made from a variety of materials, the most common being copper wires. However, advancements in technology have led to the development and implementation of alternative materials that offer better performance, durability, and efficiency. This article explores the evolution of submarine cable materials, particularly focusing on the transition from traditional copper wires to modern fiber optic wires.

The Historical Evolution of Submarine Cable Materials

Since the telegraph cable was first laid across the Atlantic in 1858, submarine cables have undergone significant changes in their composition. Initially, the earliest cables were composed of paper, tar, and silicone. Later, rubber, gutta percha, and even wood and flax were used as insulating materials. Metal conductors included aluminum, iron, steel, and copper, which were often combined with other materials for added strength and resistance to corrosion.

Advancements in Electrical Conductors

With the advent of modern telecommunications, copper wires remained the primary conductors in submarine cables. Copper's conductivity, reliability, and cost-effectiveness have made it a popular choice. However, as technology advanced, copper alloys began to be utilized. These alloys incorporated elements like tin to enhance strength and anti-corrosive properties. Despite these improvements, the limitations of copper began to show, particularly in terms of capacity and range.

The Emergence of Fiber Optic Wires

Enter the age of fiber optic technology. Fiber optic cables offer a revolutionary approach to transmitting data and voice signals across vast distances. Instead of electric currents, fiber optic cables use light to transmit information, making them exempt from the inherent limitations of traditional copper wires. Unlike copper, fiber optics are immune to electromagnetic interference, allowing for higher bandwidth and faster data transfer rates. Although not as widely used in older submarine cables, modern installations primarily utilize fiber optic wires.

Special Trade Secret Formulations in Modern Cables

Modern submarine cables often employ special trade secret formulations of plastics and glass fiber optic wires. These materials are carefully selected to provide optimal performance in challenging marine environments. The polymer compounds are designed to withstand immense pressure and extreme temperatures, while the glass fiber cores ensure high-speed data transmission.

Application of Modern Cables in Naval Submarines

While commercial submarine cables focus on advanced communication and data transmission, naval submarines use a more practical approach. Navy cables are typically extension cords with cable wraps that neatly hold them to the bulkheads of the submarine. These specialized cables are made of standard materials that can withstand the harsh conditions inside a submarine, ensuring reliable communication under any circumstances.

Conclusion

The evolution of materials used in submarine cables demonstrates a journey from traditional copper wires to cutting-edge fiber optic technology. While copper and its alloys have been staples, the industry has increasingly turned to fiber optics for their superior performance. Understanding the history and future of these materials is crucial for anyone involved in submarine cable technology, as it shapes the future of global communication networks.

Keywords

Submarine cables, electrical conductors, fiber optic wires