Why Are Nuclear Reactors Used in Submarines but Not on Aircraft Carriers?

Introduction to Nuclear Power in Naval Forces

Today, the use of nuclear reactors in naval vessels has become a fundamental aspect of advanced military technology. However, it's intriguing to note that while both aircraft carriers and submarines utilize nuclear reactor technology, the choice of reactor type and the reasons behind it can be quite different. This article delves into the specifics of why nuclear reactors, particularly in the context of submarines, are preferred over their counterparts on aircraft carriers.

The Unique Needs of Nuclear Submarines

Nuclear submarines, equipped with powerful nuclear reactors, offer unparalleled advantages when it comes to submerged operations. These vessels can stay underwater for extended periods without having to surface for fuel. The S5W reactor, for instance, was a key component in the submarines of the 1960s, allowing them to run submerged for up to five years at full power. This capability is critical for strategic missions where surface exposure is both undesirable and potentially dangerous.

The S5W Reactor: A Pioneering Success

The S5W reactor, developed by Westinghouse, was a landmark achievement in nuclear submarine technology. Here, 'S' stands for submarine, '5' denotes the fifth generation, and 'W' indicates it was a Westinghouse reactor. Operating on this reactor allowed submarines to maintain mission-critical tasks for extended durations. The reactor's reliability and the training of personnel (which included a rigorous 3.2 GPA requirement for nuclear training) were crucial in ensuring the safe and effective operation of these vessels.

Why Not on Aircraft Carriers?

In contrast, aircraft carriers, which often have longer operational ranges and rely heavily on deck operations, typically do not use nuclear reactors. This decision is not based on a preference, but rather on the practical and operational needs of these vessels.

Operational Flexibility and Surface Operations

Aircraft carriers are designed primarily for surface operations, where the deck serves as a critical area for launching and landing aircraft. The operational flexibility required for such a mission is significantly different from the deep-sea operations of submarines. Nuclear reactors in submarines are essential for maintaining power and propulsion underwater, a feature that is less critical for the more surface-oriented missions of aircraft carriers. Besides, dealing with the complexities and risks associated with nuclear reactor maintenance in a high-stress, variable environment like an aircraft carrier's deck is not practical.

Intelligence and Safety Standards

The choice of nuclear reactors in submarines is also closely tied to the stringent safety standards and well-structured intelligence and training programs. The importance of these standards is exemplified by the work of Admiral Rickover, who ensured that all reactor operations were highly reliable and safe. The determination and intelligence required to handle the complex operational environment of a submarine are significantly different from those of an aircraft carrier.

The Crew's Rigorous Training

The men and women aboard nuclear submarines undergo extensive vetting and rigorous training. They are required to ensure they can handle the mental demands of long-term missions away from loved ones. Food supplies, including water and oxygen, are carefully managed to keep the environment safe and sustainable. Transmissions are strictly controlled, and each submarine can communicate ad hoc with family, though limited to only 20 words per message every three patrols.

Conclusion

In summary, while both submarines and aircraft carriers can benefit from nuclear technology, the choice of reactor type and its associated operational necessities are quite distinct. Submarines rely on nuclear reactors to maintain prolonged submerged operations, while aircraft carriers do not due to the surface-focused nature of their missions. This article underscores the unique capabilities and challenges of each, highlighting the importance of precision and reliability in naval technology.