Reconciling Paul’s Teachings with Matthew 5:18

Understanding the reconciliation between the teachings of Paul and the passage in Matthew 5:18 is crucial for a deeper appreciation of Christian doctrine and theology. While there may seem to be a contradiction, it is essential to delve into the context and theological perspectives of Jesus and Paul.

The Historical Context and Theological Perspectives

Matthew 5:18 centers around the law and its significance in the kingdom of heaven. Jesus emphasizes the importance of the law with a specific caveat: "Do not think that I have come to abolish the Law or the Prophets; I have not come to abolish them but to fulfill them." (Matthew 5:17). This statement is often interpreted as an affirmation of the law's ongoing relevance. However, the precise understanding of this fulfillment is a point of contention that prompts a closer examination of how Paul interprets the law in his letters.

Paul’s Address to the Gentiles

Paul, in his letters, particularly addresses the Gentiles and his concerns about the law's application to Christians. Galatians, for instance, is a pivotal text that challenges the legalistic approach to Christianity.

In Galatians 5:18, Paul writes, "But if you are led by the Spirit, you are not under the law." This teaching suggests that the Holy Spirit plays a role in justifying and sanctifying believers, which is different from the legalistic system of the law. Paul also states, "For it is written that Abraham believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness" (Romans 4:3). This emphasizes faith over works in justification.

The Old and New Covenants

Another critical distinction is between the Old and New Covenants. Jesus and Paul address different communities: Jesus primarily addresses Jews living under the Old Covenant, while Paul addresses Christians living under the New Covenant.

In Galatians 3:11–13a, Paul reiterates, “But no one is justified in his sight by works of the law, for by the works of the law no one will be justified. This statement aligns with Jesus' teaching in Matthew 5:18 that the law must be fulfilled, not just as a list of commandments to obey, but as a system of love and faith.

The Interpretation of Fulfillment

The crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus, in the view of both Jesus and Paul, are seen as the fulfillment of the law. Galatians 3:13 explicitly mentions that Christ was made a curse for us, fulfilling the law's curse. This curse is not just about legal compliance but a spiritual state of alienation and separation from God.

When Jesus says in Matthew 5:18, “Not a jot or tittle shall pass from the law until all is fulfilled,” he isn't referring to every single external commandment but to the deep spiritual fulfillment that the law points towards. The fulfillment is about the inner transformation that comes through faith in Christ.

Evaluation of the Gospel Text

It is also important to consider the authenticity of the Gospel of Matthew. Scholars often debate whether the gospel was really written by an eyewitness. The fact that much of Matthew’s Gospel is derived from Mark suggests that this account may not be a direct record of Jesus' words but rather a reflection of early Christian tradition and reformulated in the context of the church's needs.

However, the words of Paul, which are more personal and his own, are undoubtedly his and reflect his own experiences and theology. Therefore, even if the Gospel of Matthew is not an eyewitness account, the words of Paul stand on their own, providing insight into the apostolic understanding of the law and faith.

Conclusion and Practical Application

The reconciliation of these passages can be achieved by understanding that both Jesus and Paul are speaking to different audiences at different times. The law, as a symbol of God’s holiness and righteousness, is ultimately fulfilled in Christ. For Christians, the focus shifts from legalistic obedience to a life of faith and love in Christ.

Ultimately, the commandments of the law should not be seen as a burden but as pointers to the righteousness of Christ, which is accessed through faith. This understanding helps Christians navigate the various teachings, finding a harmonious and cohesive approach to living out one's faith in Christ.