Submarines and Periscopes: Operation and Significance Underwater

Submarines are marvels of modern naval technology, designed to operate efficiently both on the surface and underwater. One of the most intriguing and essential components of submarines is the periscope. Though primarily known for their use in the early and mid-20th century, these devices still play a crucial role in modern submarine operations. This article explores how submarines use their periscopes, particularly when they are submerged underwater for extended periods and the role played by sonar.

Understanding Periscopes and Their Purpose

The primary function of a submarine periscope is to provide the crew with a visual view of the surface. Periscopes consist of a tube that enables crew members to look above the waterline while keeping the submarine hidden from enemy detection. They are essentially a combination of two mirrors that magnify the image, allowing for a clear and distant view even when the submarine is at considerable depths.

Submarines typically use periscopes at specific depths, known as 'periscope depth,' to ensure that at least the top of the periscope can be above the waterline. This depth is usually around 60 feet, as mentioned in your source material. At this level, the periscope can effectively peer above the surface, providing critical information about the surrounding environment without the entire submarine being exposed.

Operation of Periscopes Underwater

When submarines are submerged and need to conduct surveillance, they often employ periscopes to gather valuable information. Here’s how submerging submarines utilize their periscopes:

1. Surface and Search: Submarines may periodically surface to use their periscopes. This helps in gathering real-time data about the surface conditions, such as the presence of other ships, natural landmarks, and weather conditions. This information is invaluable for planning and navigation.

2. Reconstruction and Terrain Analysis: During longer missions, submarines may not be able to surface frequently. In such cases, periscopes are used to reconstruct a comprehensive map of the area. They help in analyzing terrain, identifying potential targets, and planning routes within the safe underwater environment.

3. Communication and Coordination: Periscopes are also used to establish communication with satellites. While the submarine is submerged, the top of the periscope is above the waterline, allowing for satellite communication, providing vital data and enabling better coordination with other forces.

4. Target Acquisition: Submarines use periscopes to acquire targets that they may wish to launch weapons at, such as cruise missiles or torpedoes. The detailed view provided by the periscope ensures that launches can be precise and effective.

Role of Sonar in Submarine Operations

While periscopes are effective, they have limitations, especially at deeper depths. This is where sonar comes into play. Sonar, an acronym for Sound Navigation and Ranging, is a deep-sea echolocation system used to detect, locate, and track submarines, ships, and other objects underwater. Sonar works by emitting sound waves that bounce back from objects and are then analyzed by the submarine’s sonar system to determine the distance, direction, and shape of the object.

1. Acoustic Signatures: Sonar can detect the acoustic signatures of submarines, ships, and other underwater entities. These signatures are unique to each object, making it possible to identify different types and sizes of vessels. This is crucial for the detection and avoidance of enemy submarines.

2. Navigation and Control: Sonar is used extensively for navigation, not only for the submarine itself but also for guiding torpedoes and other weapons. It helps in maintaining a safe course while dealing with potential threats.

3. Early Detection: Sonar systems can detect submarines at much greater depths than periscopes. This gives submarines a strategic edge by allowing them to operate deeper and more undetected. It also helps in early detection and possibly avoiding conflict.

Conclusion: Balancing Technology and Stealth

The integration of periscopes and sonar in submarine operations is a prime example of balancing advanced technology with the need for stealth. While periscopes provide valuable surface-level data and surveillance, sonar ensures that submarines can operate effectively in the depths of the ocean, undetected yet formidable. Understanding and utilizing both these systems optimally is key to submersible naval operations in the modern era.