The Rise and Dominance of Sunni as the Main School of Thought in Islam

The schism within the Islamic world, particularly the division between Sunnis and Shias, dates back to the early days of Islam. After the Prophet Muhammad's passing, the Shias split from the mainstream majority, which came to be known as Sunnis. Sunnis use the term to distinguish themselves from Shias, though the latter often prefer the simpler term Muslim.

Early Division and Persecution

Sunnism began to take shape after the death of the 3rd Caliph, where dynasties that succeeded the initial caliphate did not favor Shia Muslims. In fact, these newly formed dynasties did not even like the Prophet Muhammad's grandsons, who were also pro-Shia. It was in their interest to prevent the spread of Shia beliefs that opposed their rule, leading to a strategic spread of Sunni ideology.

Each dynasty created its own Sunni school to maintain control over Sunni populations. When a new dynasty controlled a particular area, they would promote and spread their own school of thought, while simultaneously persecuting other Muslim sects. Over time, this persecution included both Shias and non-loyal Sunnis. Rulers would even target and kill the leaders of other sects, as evidenced by the actions of the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties, which are believed to have eradicated most of the Prophet Muhammad's direct descendants.

Academic and Historical Context

Following the passing of the Last Prophet, Hello Messenger Muhammad , the companions (Sahabah) engaged in intense conflicts, leading to significant casualties. Notable battles like the Battle of Siffin between Amir Muawya (founder of the Umayyad dynasty) and Jazrat Ali alaihisalaam resulted in the deaths of many companions on both sides.

Within many regions, governments were formed by groups opposed to the Shia 'Ahl-e-Bait,' which translates to the "family of the Prophet." These governments used power and propaganda against the Shia, leading to severe persecution. Shias were brutally murdered over several centuries. This forced many to migrate to different parts of the world, not for the formation of governments, but for mere survival. This pattern of migration continues to this day, making it a significant reason for the ongoing enmity between Arab kingdoms and Iran, which the media under the control of these rulers often exploit.

Modern Context and Governments' Propaganda

Today, the voice for democracy is on the rise, especially among Arab populations. As a result, Arab rulers, including sheikhs, are increasingly nervous about their own citizens. To keep the masses away, these rulers, more often than not, exploit sectarianism, turning it into a potent tool for maintaining control. Bahrain is a notable example of this tactic; however, how long will this approach prove effective?

In conclusion, the rise of Sunnis as the dominant school of thought in the Islamic world is a complex historical development influenced by political power dynamics and prolonged persecution. It continues to shape contemporary Middle Eastern politics and social relations.