Types of Batteries Used to Power Submarines

Submarines are complex vessels that rely on various types of batteries to ensure their operation both above and below water. This article explores the different types of batteries used in submarines, including their characteristics and applications.

Lead-Acid Batteries: A Legacy of Reliability

Lead-acid batteries are the most common type used in submarines, particularly for older models. They have a long history and are well-known for their robustness, cost-effectiveness, and good power-to-weight ratio. Lead-acid batteries are used for starting systems and providing power during submerged operations.

Robust and Cost-Effective: These batteries are highly reliable and are a reliable choice for initial power needs. Good Power-to-Weight Ratio: They offer a good balance between power output and weight, making them suitable for various applications. Starting Systems: Essential for starting the submarine's engines. Submerged Operations: Provide power for critical subsystems during underwater operations.

Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) Batteries: Superior Performance in Deep-Cycle Applications

Nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries are often preferred in modern submarines due to their higher energy density, longer service life, and better performance in deep-cycle applications. These batteries are more resistant to the effects of deep discharges and can handle a larger number of charge/discharge cycles.

Higher Energy Density: Offer more energy storage per unit of volume or weight. Longer Service Life: Last longer compared to lead-acid batteries. Better Performance in Deep-Cycle Applications: Handle deep discharges without significant performance degradation. Charge/Discharge Cycles: Can cycle more times than lead-acid batteries before wear.

Lithium-Ion Batteries: The Future of Submarine Power

Some advanced submarines might use lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. These batteries offer the highest energy density and longest operational life, making them ideal for stealth operations and extended submerged durations. However, they are less common due to cost and safety concerns.

Highest Energy Density: Store the most energy per unit of volume or weight. Longer Operational Life: Can last for extended periods without degradation. Stealth Operations: Suitable for quiet, covert missions. Extended Submerged Durations: Ideal for long-term underwater operations. Cost and Safety Concerns: More expensive and present safety risks that limit their use.

Submarines and Their Battery Needs

Submarines can use a variety of batteries for different purposes. For a small recreational or home-built submarine, a secondary cell rechargeable battery might be sufficient to power an electric drive motor and lighting when submerged. Additional primary non-rechargeable or secondary cell batteries are often used for smaller devices like hand-held flashlights, personal locator beacons (PLBs) on life jackets, or emergency beacons (EPIRBs), and hand-held radios.

Examples of Batteries in Military Submarines

In military submarines, the battery requirements are significantly more complex. On one submarine, for instance, a large lead-acid battery might be used for starting systems. A secondary cell battery serves as an emergency source of electrical power when AC power from the ship's service turbine generators become unavailable. Other types of batteries include:

6-Volt Lantern Primary Cell Batteries: Used in battle lanterns for emergency lighting. 1.5-Volt D Cell Primary Cell Batteries: Used in onboard flashlights. Specialty Batteries: Used in various pieces of equipment and weapons, ballistic missiles, strobe lights, beacons on life rings, etc.

The choice of battery in a submarine depends on its design, operational requirements, and the latest technological advancements. Each type of battery is designed to meet specific needs and ensure the reliability and safety of the vessel during operation.

Understanding the types of batteries used in submarines and their functionalities is crucial for their efficient and safe operation. Whether you are a submarine operator, researcher, or enthusiast, knowledge about the different types of batteries can provide valuable insights into the complex systems that make submarine technology possible.