Understanding Internal Combustion Engine Power and Its Impact on the Climate

The internal combustion engine (ICE) is a cornerstone of modern transportation, powering everything from cars to airplanes. How exactly does an ICE generate its power, and what are the environmental implications of this process?

How an Internal Combustion Engine Gets Its Power from Fuel

The process begins with the rapid oxidation of fuel within the engine's combustion chamber. This fuel, typically a mixture of gasoline or diesel, is ignited by a spark plug in gas engines, or a high-pressure injector in diesel engines. The extremely rapid oxidation, or combustion, of the fuel releases a significant amount of thermal energy, which is the heat that drives the engine.

In an internal combustion engine, this combustion is contained within an open cylinder, and the resulting explosion is channeled through a piston that moves linearly. The force of this explosion pushes the piston down, converting the linear motion into rotational motion through a connecting rod and crankshaft. This is how the engine generates power, which is then used to drive the vehicle or other machinery.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Their Impact on Climate Change

While the internal combustion engine remains a vital component of modern life, it is also a significant contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These emissions, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), are major drivers of climate change, leading to global warming and climatic changes that impact the world's ecosystems and economies.

According to the United Nations Environment Programme’s (UNEP) latest Emissions Gap Report, despite a temporary dip in GHG emissions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, emissions are projected to increase again, only slightly lower than the record levels of 2019. This rebound underscores the ongoing challenges in addressing climate change.

Major Greenhouse Gases and Their Effects

The primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). These gases are distinguished by their long-lasting presence in the atmosphere and varying levels of potency in contributing to global warming.

CO2 is the most abundant GHG and can remain in the atmosphere for up to 1000 years. Methane has a shorter lifespan, lasting about a decade, but is 80 times more potent than CO2 over a 20-year period. Nitrous oxide remains in the atmosphere for approximately 120 years and is 280 times more potent than CO2. These potent gases, combined with human activities like burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural practices, contribute significantly to environmental degradation and climate change.

What Can We Do to Reduce GHG Emissions?

To mitigate the effects of GHG emissions, it is crucial to shift towards renewable energy sources and implement policies to reduce fossil fuel consumption. The global community, through multilateral agreements like the Global Methane Pledge, is taking steps to reduce methane emissions from key sectors. Furthermore, the UNEP's Six-Sector Solution provides a roadmap for reducing emissions across various industries to align with the goals of the Paris Agreement.

Individual actions also play a significant role. By making informed choices and supporting policies that reduce GHG emissions, everyone can contribute to the fight against climate change. Joining campaigns like the UN’s ActNow can help amplify personal actions and drive systemic change.

Ultimately, the transition from fossil fuels to cleaner energy sources is essential for preserving long-term human and environmental health. By understanding the impact of internal combustion engines and taking proactive measures, we can work towards a more sustainable future.