Understanding Questionnaires and Surveys: Differences and Usage

Introduction to Questionnaires and Surveys

A questionnaire or survey is a structured method to gather information from participants. These tools consist of a list of questions, known as the protocol, that participants answer. The set of questions can be quantitative (yes/no, true/false, sliding scale, etc.), or qualitative, where participants provide written answers.

While questionnaires and surveys are often used interchangeably, they are distinct concepts. A survey is a broader term that encompasses various methods of data collection, with one common method being the use of a questionnaire. A questionnaire, on the other hand, is a specific tool designed to facilitate data collection and can be part of a survey.

Defining a Questionnaire

A questionnaire is a research tool that consists of a set of questions or prompts designed to gather data from a respondent. These questions can be open-ended, allowing participants to elaborate on their opinions, or closed-ended, with predefined response options. Unlike surveys, questionnaires are not synonymous with surveys, though they are often closely related.

The Statistical Society of London introduced the concept of research questionnaires in 1838. Over the years, questionnaires have become a fundamental tool in social sciences, market research, and various other fields where data needs to be collected and analyzed.

Types of Questionnaires and Surveys

Questionnaire vs. Survey

A survey is a broader term that describes the entire process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data to understand a specific phenomenon or opinion. It may encompass multiple questionnaires or other forms of data collection methods. A survey might be conducted using online platforms, face-to-face interactions, or telephone interviews.

A questionnaire, in contrast, is a specific tool that is designed to provide a structured format for participants to answer a set of questions. A questionnaire might be provided in a survey, but a survey doesn't always have to be based on a questionnaire. For example, a survey could use structured interviews, focus groups, or open-ended discussions to gather data.

Differences in Administration and Use

The administration of a survey might include a mix of questionnaires, interviews, and other data collection methods. In some cases, a survey might use a single, pre-designed questionnaire for all respondents. However, this is not always the case. Different survey methods might be used depending on the target population, the resources available, and the research objectives.

For instance, a market research company might use a questionnaire-based survey to gather customer feedback, while a political pollster might use a mix of telephone and online interviews to understand public opinion. The choice of method depends on the context and the goals of the research.

Research Purpose and Sample Selection

A survey typically involves a detailed plan for sample selection and data collection. Researchers have to define the target population, the sample size, and the methods for data collection. A questionnaire, however, is usually a part of the survey and is designed to gather specific data points from the respondents.

For example, a company might conduct a survey to understand customer satisfaction with their products. This survey might involve a thorough plan for selecting a representative sample of customers, administering questionnaires, and analyzing the results to derive actionable insights. The survey aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the target population, while the questionnaire is a tool used within the survey to collect specific data.

Conclusion

In summary, a questionnaire is a specific tool used within a survey, while a survey is a broader term that encompasses the entire process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data. Questionnaires can be quantitative or qualitative, and they might be administered in various ways depending on the research objectives. Surveys, on the other hand, can use a mix of different methods, including questionnaires, to gather comprehensive data.

If you need further assistance with designing or analyzing questionnaires or surveys, consider checking out Helpfull.

Keywords: questionnaire, survey, research method