Why Are There So Many Native Hawaiians on the Mainland?

Examining the reasons behind the significant presence of Native Hawaiians on the mainland United States reveals a convergence of historical, social, and economic factors. This phenomenon, which has grown over the past century, particularly after World War II, reflects the complexities of migration patterns, access to economic opportunities, educational prospects, cultural preservation efforts, and family connections. This article delves into these factors to provide a comprehensive understanding of why many Native Hawaiians choose to live outside of their home islands.

Migration Patterns and Historical Context

Throughout the 20th century, particularly after World War II, a significant number of Native Hawaiians migrated to the mainland United States. This migration was driven by a variety of factors including a quest for better job opportunities, education, and improved living conditions. The military presence in Hawaii also played a role in facilitating this movement, with thousands of service members and their families relocating to and from the islands. Consequently, Native Hawaiians were among the first wave of Pacific Islanders to settle on the mainland, a trend that has continued to the present day.

Economic Opportunities and Challenges

The economic landscape in Hawaii presents unique challenges, including high living costs and limited job opportunities in certain sectors. Many Native Hawaiians sought better employment options on the mainland, where they could find more diverse industries and services in urban areas. While the cost of living in Hawaii is driven by the necessity of importing almost everything, from food to electronics, job opportunities are predominantly concentrated in the tourist, retail, farming, and military sectors. Due to the high costs and logistical difficulties, companies often find it less economically viable to establish manufacturing or high-tech research operations on the islands.

Education and Access to Higher Learning

Access to higher education is a critical factor in the migration of Native Hawaiians to the mainland. Many individuals move to the mainland to pursue tertiary education, where they can gain qualifications and study fields that may not be readily available in Hawaii. Universities and colleges on the mainland provide a rich array of study options and opportunities for professional development that could be crucial in fostering a sense of cultural identity and community.

Cultural Preservation and Community Solidarity

Some Native Hawaiians move to the mainland to engage with broader Native American and Indigenous communities. This move is driven by the desire for solidarity and the opportunity to preserve and promote their cultural heritage. In many U.S. cities, Hawaiian cultural events, language programs, and social gatherings have emerged, reflecting a strong sense of cultural identity and community among Native Hawaiians living away from their islands.

Family Connections and Reunification

Another driving factor in the migration of Native Hawaiians to the mainland is the importance of family connections. As families expand and spread out, many members often reside in different locations. This can lead to migration for the purpose of family reunification or to provide support to family members who are already living on the mainland. The dislocation of family members can be a significant factor in the decision of individuals to move to the mainland.

Census and Demographics

U.S. Census data and other demographic studies have shown a growing population of Native Hawaiians outside of Hawaii, often reflecting broader trends of migration and urbanization. This surge in the mainland Hawaiian population contributes to the richness of Hawaiian culture and community in various U.S. cities, allowing for vibrant cultural exchanges and the preservation of traditions.

Conclusion

While the younger generation of Hawaiians, especially those in academic and professional environments, tends to migrate to California due to job opportunities and a desire for urban living, the overarching reasons for the significant presence of Native Hawaiians on the mainland are multifaceted. These include economic necessity, educational pursuits, the desire to preserve cultural heritage, and the importance of family connections. Understanding these factors provides insight into the ongoing migration of Native Hawaiians and the dynamic nature of their presence in the mainland United States.

References

United States Census Bureau Data on Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Population University of Hawaii Newsletter on Retention Strategies for Graduates U.S. Department of Labor Reports on Hawaii's Local Economy