Why Did Britain Opt for Two Elizabeth Class Carriers Over Keeping One or Two Invisible Class Carriers?

The United Kingdom's Royal Navy historically relied on a mix of carrier assets, including both the iconic Essex Berwick class carriers of World War II and the later Ark Royal and Invincible classes. However, with the decommissioning of the Invincible class carriers, the British Navy was faced with new challenges and requirements in modernizing its carrier fleet. In this article, we will explore why the British decision-makers chose to invest in the two Queen Elizabeth class carriers over keeping one or two of the Invincible class carriers in service.

The Context of the Decision

By the time the last Invincible class carrier, HMS Illustrious, was decommissioned in 2021, these ships were 32-34 years old. The primary aircraft, the Sea Harrier, had been retired in 2006, and the replacement, the Harrier GR9, was also reaching its end of life. In addition, HMS Illustrious survived thanks to being refitted as a helicopter carrier while HMS Ocean underwent a similar refit. HMS Ocean was subsequently sold to Brazil in 2018.

Advantages of the Elizabeth Class Carriers

The Queen Elizabeth class carriers offer significant advantages over the Invincible class:

Higher Aircraft Carrying Capacity: Unlike the Invincible class carriers, which carried about 22 aircraft each, the Queen Elizabeth and Prince of Wales can each carry almost as many aircraft as the three Invincible carriers combined. The Queen Elizabeth class is designed to deploy up to 60 fixed-wing and rotary aircraft, with an expected configuration of 24–36 VSTOL fighters and 14 helicopters. In comparison, the Invincible class carried about 22 aircraft each with varying air groups based on mission requirements. Newer Capabilities: The Queen Elizabeth class carriers are capable of handling the modern F-35B strike fighter, which is a significant upgrade from the Category 3A aircraft of the Invincible class. The Navy needs cutting-edge technology to protect its air wings and ensure they can operate in complex and modern combat environments. Modernization and Support: The Queen Elizabeth class carriers are part of a comprehensive modernization program, including advanced communication systems, electronic warfare capabilities, and improved logistical support. This modernization is essential for the overall effectiveness and sustainability of the fleet. Sustainability and Cost-Effectiveness: Keeping older Invincible carriers in service would have required significant modernization efforts, which could have been cost-prohibitive. The Queen Elizabeth class carriers offer better long-term value and sustainability, as evidenced by their large aircraft inventory and modern combat systems.

The Future of the Carrier Fleet

The decision to invest in the Queen Elizabeth class carriers is part of a broader strategy to maintain the United Kingdom's naval power projection capabilities. These carriers are not just weapons platforms; they are strategic assets that can be used for various missions, including humanitarian aid, disaster relief, and maritime security operations. Their ability to deploy a modern air wing, including the highly capable F-35B, makes them indispensable tools in today's complex security environment.

Conclusion

In conclusion, logistical and operational challenges, combined with the need for modernization and sustainability, led to the decision not to keep any or two of the Invincible class carriers. The Queen Elizabeth class carriers represent a significant upgrade in terms of capacity, capability, and long-term strategic value. As the Royal Navy continues to evolve, these carriers will play a vital role in safeguarding the nation's interests both at home and abroad.