Why Is a Space Station Located in Geostationary Orbit Not Ideal?

Contrary to popular belief, the International Space Station (ISS) is not in geostationary orbit. Instead, it orbits in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) which is significantly closer to Earth at an altitude of approximately 300 miles. This article will explore the challenges and disadvantages of placing a space station in geostationary orbit (GEO), comparing it to the more commonly used Low Earth Orbit (LEO).

No Common Logo

Existing booster rockets have significant limitations when trying to reach the extreme altitudes required for geostationary orbit, which is approximately 22,300 miles above the Earth's surface. In contrast, LEO requires less powerful rockets, making it more feasible and cost-effective. Additionally, the specific needs of a space station, such as communication and observation, are better served by LEO, as it enables a wider range of activities and studies on Earth.

Geostationary Orbit and Visibility

One of the main advantages often cited for geostationary orbit is that it keeps the space station consistently over the same area of the Earth, making it visible to the same part of the world all the time. However, this also means that the space station will have a fixed time cycle relative to the ground below it. It will not see different parts of the Earth, only one side. This makes it less useful for global observation tasks and research.

Potential for Debris Collisions

While a space station in geostationary orbit would be less likely to collide with objects in space, this advantage is offset by the lack of radiation protection. Being outside the Earth's magnetosphere in geostationary orbit means that the station would have no natural shielding against harmful solar radiation. This poses significant health and operational risks to the crew and the overall mission.

Deboosting Trash and Satellite Traffic

Another significant challenge for geostationary orbit is the deboosting of trash and expired equipment. Due to the high altitude, it would take more time and energy to deorbit waste, increasing the risk of collision with other satellites in lower orbits. This presents a dilemma for sustainable space operation, as managing space debris and ensuring the longevity of valuable satellites becomes increasingly complex.

Conclusion

The decision to locate a space station in geostationary orbit brings both benefits and drawbacks. While it offers the advantage of consistent visibility over one geographical area, the lack of powerful launch vehicles, the restricted usefulness for Earth observation, and the absence of natural radiation protection make it a less viable choice compared to Low Earth Orbit. The ISS perfectly demonstrates why LEO is the preferred location for space stations, balancing the needs of research, observatory missions, and the overall sustainability of space operations.