Why We Install Distributions of GNU/Linux Instead of the GNU/Linux OS Itself

Many new users and even experienced computer enthusiasts might be surprised to learn that GNU/Linux is not a complete operating system in itself. Instead, Linux is a kernel - the core system component that manages hardware resources and provides services for the running processes. The GNU Project, on the other hand, offers a collection of tools and libraries that can work together to form a functional operating system.

Understanding GNU and Linux

The GNU Project, initiated by Richard Stallman in 1983, aims to develop a complete Unix-like operating system entirely free of software components derived from Unix, which was covered by various licenses. The project provides a wide range of essential tools and utilities that, when combined with the Linux kernel, form a powerful and versatile operating system environment. However, the GNU software alone does not constitute a complete operating system.

A typical operating system has a graphical user interface (GUI), integrates various software packages, and provides a cohesive set of features and utilities to manage hardware resources and run applications. The GNU software, while extensive, lacks a GUI and does not natively integrate with modern software packages. Thus, while the GNU Project's components can work together effectively, they require significant additional integration to function as a complete, modern operating system.

The Role of Distributions

To bridge this gap, distributions (or distros) have evolved. A distribution is essentially a collection of software packages, including the Linux kernel and GNU tools, along with a host of other components that work in harmony to provide a user with a complete and functional operating system. These distributions vary widely in terms of their user interfaces, software packages, and design philosophies, catering to a diverse range of needs and preferences.

A distribution typically includes a desktop environment (such as GNOME, KDE, or Xfce), web browsers, office suites, and other productivity tools. Importantly, distributions also offer mechanisms for easy software updates and maintenance, such as package managers like apt or dnf, which enable users to keep their systems up-to-date with minimal effort.

The Complexity of Integration

The integration process for a distribution involves more than just combining the Linux kernel with GNU software. It requires extensive testing and refinement to ensure that all components work seamlessly together. For instance, if a popular library is updated but a package built against it has not, distribution maintainers may need to recompile or modify the package to ensure compatibility. This process, known as backporting, is necessary to ensure that the distribution remains stable and dependable.

Once a distribution is developed, it must also handle various package management tasks. For example, when a new version of a library is released, the distribution's package management system will automatically notify users of the update and prompt them to install the new version. This process is more straightforward and user-friendly than compiling each package manually, which would require commands like sudo apt update and sudo apt upgrade, in contrast to manually downloading and installing each package.

The Benefits of Using Distributions

The use of distributions offers several advantages over using the GNU/Linux OS in its raw form:

Integration and Compatibility: Distributions provide pre-integrated software, making it simpler for new users and veteran systems administrators to set up and maintain a functional system. Stability and Security: Distribution maintainers handle security updates and bug fixes, ensuring that the system remains stable and secure over time. User Interface: Distributions offer various desktop environments and user interfaces, making the operating system accessible to a wide range of users. Customization and Flexibility: Distributions can be customized to suit specific needs, whether it's for scientific research, web development, or everyday computing.

In conclusion, while the Linux kernel and GNU software are powerful and form the foundation of a complete operating system, the integration and distribution processes are critical in making a GNU/Linux system a cohesive and user-friendly experience. Distributions provide the necessary tools and mechanisms to ensure that users can enjoy a seamless and efficient operating system without the complexity of manual software management.