The Truth About Social Security Numbers for Non-US Citizens: Understanding ITIN vs. SSN

When living in the United States as a non-US citizen, you might find yourself wondering about the complexities of social security numbers (SSNs) and individual tax identification numbers (ITINs). Getting an SSN is not something everyone can obtain, but fortunately, there are other options available. In this article, we will explore when and how you can get an SSN or an ITIN, and dispel some common myths surrounding these numbers.

Understanding Social Security Numbers (SSN)

The Social Security Number, commonly abbreviated as SSN, is a unique identification number assigned to United States residents. It is a permanent number that does not get “updated.” The primary purpose of an SSN is to track an individual's work and earnings, and it plays an important role in various aspects of life, including employment, taxes, and social benefits.

An SSN is issued based on specific criteria, and non-US citizens may only obtain one if they are legally eligible to work in the United States. This means that not everyone who is in the US is entitled to an SSN. Let’s break down the scenarios:

Can Non-US Citizens Get a Social Security Number?

No, non-US citizens cannot get a social security number if they are not on a work-eligible visa. Some common examples include:

Visitors on a B1/B2 Visa: Holders of this visa cannot work for a US employer, so they do not qualify for an SSN. F1 Student Visa Holders: These students are allowed to work for up to 20 hours per week, but only for their college or university. If they need an SSN to work for the university, they can obtain a conditional SSN, which restricts their employment to the university. H-1B Visa Holders: These individuals must work for the company that sponsored them and obtain a conditional SSN to reflect this. If their visa status changes, they must inform the Social Security Administration.

If you are on any of these visas, you do not need to worry about updating your SSN. It will remain the same for as long as you maintain your status.

Green Card Holders and SSN

When you become a legal permanent resident (green card holder), you are allowed to work for any US employer. In this case, you must get a Social Security number or inform the Social Security Administration if you already have a conditional SSN that should be removed.

Updating or Renewing an SSN

While an SSN does not get updated, there are a few scenarios where you might need to change it:

Identity Theft: If someone else has illegally used your SSN, you may need to get a new one. This process typically involves legal proceedings and a court order. Changing Your Name: If you have legally changed your name through marriage, divorce, or any other means, you can request a new SSN.

Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN)

Not everyone needs a Social Security Number, but if you are required to file US tax returns but are not eligible for an SSN, you can still get an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN). An ITIN is used for tax purposes and does not allow you to work in the US.

How to Apply for an ITIN

Obtaining an ITIN is relatively straightforward, and you can do so in several ways:

Online Application: Visit the IRS website and submit Form W-7, along with the required documents that prove your foreign status. Mail-in Application: Fill out Form W-7 and send it along with the necessary documents to the IRS office. Agent or Tax Professional: Use an authorized tax professional or agent to help you apply for an ITIN. In-Person Application: Submit your application at an IRS office or a Taxpayer Advocate Service office.

Making sure you follow the correct procedures ensures a smooth and fast application process. Mistakes in the application can result in delays or rejection, so take the time to review your form and gather all the necessary documents.

Conclusion

In conclusion, social security numbers and individual taxpayer identification numbers serve different purposes. Non-US citizens must understand the eligibility requirements for an SSN and are often required to use an ITIN for tax purposes. If you find yourself in a situation where obtaining an SSN is necessary but are currently ineligible, remember that an ITIN is a valid alternative.

For more information on the procedures and requirements for obtaining an SSN or ITIN, visit the Social Security Administration or the Internal Revenue Service official websites. Always ensure you follow the latest updates and guidelines to avoid any complications.